備考托福的考生主注意啦！7月19日托?？荚囌骖}回顧，祝你托福考試順利登岸！

01.閱讀 Reading
1.Bird Migration

2.Creativity
以上回憶可能有偏差，僅供參考，歡迎大家補(bǔ)充~

02.聽力
Listening
第一套

C1：學(xué)生要找一本書，必須要是某個(gè)大師親自寫的，但是圖書館里都是secondary resource。

L1: 之前紐約的很多建筑都拆掉了，拆掉這些建筑其實(shí)見證了歷史變遷，具有很重還要的意義。

C2: 學(xué)生最近寫海岸腐蝕的影響，這恰巧也是教授最近的研究課題，問一下能不能用學(xué)生的照片。

L2: 學(xué)校準(zhǔn)備要安裝風(fēng)力發(fā)電的裝置，很多人反對，因?yàn)榭雌饋聿缓每础?/p>

L3：（聽力VIP課原題）: 1507年出版的瓦爾德塞米勒地圖（Waldseemüller map）及其在制圖史上的重要意義。

第二套
C1：大概是是學(xué)生改了論文的topic，因?yàn)榈谝淮芜x的主題他找不到相關(guān)的信息來寫論文，教授說的是他本來可以不用改，應(yīng)該先問問教授，因?yàn)榻淌诳梢詭椭麃斫鉀Q這個(gè)找不到信息的問題。

L1：第二個(gè)lecture是講心理，人們解決復(fù)雜問題的時(shí)候unconscious比conscious解決問題效率更高。

L2：最后一個(gè)lecture是天文，行星存在液態(tài)水的原因。大概一個(gè)原因是white dwarf能產(chǎn)生能量，還有一個(gè)是吸引一些particles在行星內(nèi)部撞擊產(chǎn)生能量，這些能量都是有利于水的形成。最后教授態(tài)度其實(shí)也是不太確定的，說不同行星有不同情況。

以上回憶可能有偏差，僅供參考，歡迎大家補(bǔ)充~

03.口語
Speaking
第一套
Task 1:
When a friend is coming to visit your place, do you prefer a surprise visit or to be informed ahead of time?

第二套
Task 1:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is better for students to live with a roommate who is studying the same subject. 

第三套
Task 1:
Some people think that universities should require all students to study at least one humanity subject, such as philosophy or literature, while some students who major in science and maths think that there’s no need for them to study these subjects. What do you think?
以上回憶可能有偏差，僅供參考，歡迎大家補(bǔ)充~

04.寫作
Writing
第一套
學(xué)術(shù)討論：
Doctor Achebe:
We've been discussing government budgets and the difficult decisions governments must make regarding the use of public funds. Some services are clearly essential and must be paid for by any government. But what about public funding of the arts? Do you believe that governments should provide financial support to artists- for example, painters. sculptors, musicians, or filmmakers? Why or buildings, my hometown really benefits why not?

Kelly：
I enjoy art as much as anyone does, but public funds come from taxes, and I don't think taxpayers hard-earned money should be spent on impractical or inessential items and services. Artists should support themselves by selling their work to private individuals and companies. If they can't find enough buyers, then maybe they should change careers.

Andrew：
Personally I think art actually is essential. Lots of public spaces in my hometown just wouldn't be the same without artwork. From statues in public parks to murals painted on the walls of government buildings, my hometown really benefits from funding the artists who created these works. The public spaces are simply more enjoyable for visitors because of the artwork. 

綜合寫作：
閱讀
Many residents of eastern Australia have reported witnessing large, spherical bodies of bright light floating in the sky at nighttime. These light phenomena, known as the Min Min lights (named after a small settlement in Australia), have been observed for hundreds of years. The cause of the Min Min lights is unknown, but scientists have several theories.

First, it is possible that the Min Min lights are caused by bioluminescent organisms. Bioluminescent organisms produce chemicals that generate light. One hypothesis about the Min Min lights is that they are caused by swarms of bioluminescent insects that travel across the landscape at night and emit light as they fly.

A second theory is that the Min Min lights are caused by the release of naturally occurring gases from the ground. Other mysterious lights similar to the Min Min have long been noted around the world. Most of those other lights have been found to be the result of ground gases, particularly methane gas. As methane and other gases chemically react with oxygen in the atmosphere, they ignite and produce light.

Finally, the Min Min lights may be caused by special atmospheric conditions. A warm layer of air in the atmosphere can sometimes act as a reflecting mirror.This layer of air can reflect distant light sources—for example, bright electric headlights used by automobiles—so they appear as mysterious lights floating above the horizon. The area of eastern Australia in which the Min Min lights are seen often has the correct atmospheric conditions for this type of reflection to occur.

聽力

1.發(fā)光昆蟲一般都很弱，不符合min min光的強(qiáng)度；

2.甲烷通常由腐爛分解的植物所生成，這種植物一般都在wetland，但min min發(fā)光是在dry ares；

3.min min光已經(jīng)存在好幾年了，那時(shí)候點(diǎn)燈還未被發(fā)明，不可能是電子光源反射形成；

第二套

學(xué)術(shù)討論：
Dr. Gupta：
More and more, online shopping is becoming the primary way that many people obtain everyday goods. But what are the ramifications for the society in which we live? On the one hand, online shopping has advantages-for example, I can make a purchase without ever leaving my home. However, with fewer people shopping at local shops, in some places, these establishments are having a hard time competing. Do you think that online shopping is, on the whole, affecting society negatively or positively? 

Andrew ：
I think that online shopping is affecting society negatively overall. Many local shops in my city just can't stock their shelves with the same variety of products that you find in online stores. This is forcing some of them to go out of business, and that affects not only how much tax revenue will be generated in my local community but also the number of jobs available for people in the community.

Kelly:
It's too bad that some local shops are being forced to close down, but that's the nature of competition. As consumers, we benefit greatly from online shopping because of the lower prices. And even if I find a brick-and-mortar shop that can compete pricewise with an online seller, I am likely to buy from the online seller, because it means I do not have to spend money on transplantation to travel to the shop. 

綜合寫作：

閱讀

The Olmec Empire was an ancient civilization that flourished in Central America from about 1200 to 400 BCE. While the Olmec created striking art and architecture, historians are not certain that they developed a system of writing. Researchers have recently discovered a stone block in Mexico that they claim is engraved with Olmec writing. But is it rally evidence of Olmec writing? Many experts have serious doubts about that, for the following reasons

No similar objects
First, the stone block is the only Olmec object that appears to bear sins of writing. When a culture develops writing, the writing appears repeatedly on many objects. But, while many other stone blocks nave been found at Olmec sites, none of them have similar markings. This .suggests that the markings on the recently found block do not represent a writing system.

Signs may be decorative
Second, the signs on the block may have a different purpose than writing. Many of the signs look similar to designs and shapes found on ancient Olmec artwork such as figurines and masks. The designs on Olmec artwork are decorative or perhaps have religious symbolism but are clearly not written language. The similarities of the signs on the discovered block to decorative or religious designs suggest that the block may simply be an example of Olmec art and not evidence of an Olmec writing system

Origin
Finally, the discovered stone block may not even date from the Olmec times. Archaeologists generally date ancient objects by examining their original position in the ground. However, the block was found and dug up by local road workers who simply put the block in a large pile of other materials before noting its historical value. Since archeologists were unable to observe the block's position in the ground, establishing the block's true date and origin is difficult.

聽力

First, it's true that it's the only all make object that contains riding.‌‌ But remember that stone objects can experience significant weather damage.‌‌ The weathering effects of humidity,‌‌ rain and other factors will often erases any written inscriptions,‌‌ especially on objects that are more than 2000 years old.‌‌ Our Olmec block, maybe a rare example of an object that somehow‌‌ avoid these weathering effects.‌‌ Maybe the stone was buried in a type of soil that protect it from damage.‌‌ In other words,‌‌ many other Olmec stone blocks may have originally contained‌‌ inscriptions, but on most of them,‌‌ the inscriptions have been erased by weathering.‌‌ But since this block may have been protected by a special type of soil,‌‌ it has avoided damage, and its inscription has survived.‌‌

Second, the markings probably do represent writing and not just‌‌ artistic designs or decorations. ‌ When you look at how the signs on the block arranged,‌‌ you'll find that the arrangement is typical of written language,‌‌ but not of artistic designs.‌ ‌The signs on the block are arranged in separate groups.‌‌ Such groups may represent words or sentences.‌‌ Also, some signs are repeated several times, ‌‌ just like some syllables or words are repeated in written texts. ‌‌Ordering signs in groups and repeating signs are typical of writing. ‌‌ Decorative designs are not arranged in that way. ‌‌

Finally, scientists did find a way to date the block. ‌‌ You see, some ancient pottery was found next to the block. ‌‌ Ancient pottery can be dated based on its style, its shapes, ‌‌ its decorations, etcetera. ‌The pottery found at the site had a very specific style that clearly‌‌ shows that it was made during the Olmec period. ‌‌ Since the pottery and the stone block were found together, ‌ ‌we can be confident the block dates to the Olmec period, too.

以上回憶可能有偏差，僅供參考，歡迎大家補(bǔ)充~

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